block: raw: Implement disk preallocation for sparse=false

When sparse=false is configured, preallocate the entire raw disk file
at startup using fallocate(). This provides space reservation and
reduces fragmentation.

Only applies to raw disks. QCOW2/VHD/VHDX formats manage their own
allocation.

Signed-off-by: Anatol Belski <anbelski@linux.microsoft.com>

block/src/lib.rs

@@ -787,6 +787,42 @@ fn probe_block_device_sparse_support(fd: libc::c_int) -> bool {
     supported
 }
 
+/// Preallocate disk space for a disk image file.
+///
+/// Uses `fallocate()` to allocate all disk space upfront, ensuring storage
+/// availability and reducing fragmentation. Allocating all blocks upfront is
+/// more likely to place them contiguously than allocating on demand during
+/// random writes.
+pub fn preallocate_disk<P: AsRef<Path>>(file: &File, path: P) {
+    let size = match file.metadata() {
+        Ok(m) => m.len(),
+        Err(e) => {
+            warn!("Failed to get metadata for {:?}: {}", path.as_ref(), e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    if size == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: FFI call with valid file descriptor and size
+    let ret = unsafe { libc::fallocate(file.as_raw_fd(), 0, 0, size as libc::off_t) };
+
+    if ret != 0 {
+        warn!(
+            "Failed to preallocate disk space for {:?}: {}",
+            path.as_ref(),
+            io::Error::last_os_error()
+        );
+    } else {
+        debug!(
+            "Preallocated {size} bytes for disk image {:?}",
+            path.as_ref()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait AsyncAdaptor {
     fn read_vectored_sync(
         &mut self,

vmm/src/device_manager.rs

@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@ use block::raw_async_aio::RawFileDiskAio;
 use block::raw_sync::RawFileDiskSync;
 use block::vhdx_sync::VhdxDiskSync;
 use block::{
-    ImageType, block_aio_is_supported, block_io_uring_is_supported, detect_image_type, qcow, vhdx,
+    ImageType, block_aio_is_supported, block_io_uring_is_supported, detect_image_type,
+    preallocate_disk, qcow, vhdx,
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "io_uring")]
 use block::{fixed_vhd_async::FixedVhdDiskAsync, raw_async::RawFileDisk};
@@ -2699,6 +2700,14 @@ impl DeviceManager {
                     }
                 }
                 ImageType::Raw => {
+                    // For non-sparse RAW disks, preallocate disk space
+                    if !disk_cfg.readonly
+                        && !disk_cfg.sparse
+                        && let Some(path) = &disk_cfg.path
+                    {
+                        preallocate_disk(&file, path);
+                    }
+
                     // Use asynchronous backend relying on io_uring if the
                     // syscalls are supported.
                     if cfg!(feature = "io_uring")